Lendemer’s Lichens: Combing the Smoky Mountains

Posted in From the Field, Science on September 27 2012, by Matt Newman

You’ll find them clinging to rock faces like flecks of gray paint, or carpeting a tree trunk with skeins of red whisps. Lichens come in myriad shapes, sizes, colors, and consistencies. But while they’re often overlooked during your average hike, they’re worth giving a spare glance the next time you’re outdoors–lichens play an important part in the ecosystem. Few know this so well as the NYBG‘s Dr. James Lendemer. Like many of the Garden’s globetrotting scientists–Michael Balick, Bill Buck, and Roy Halling, to name a few–Lendemer’s field odysseys carry him well beyond the laboratory door in his hunt for specimens. In recent years, that chalks up to long days spent trekking through the Great Smoky Mountains of the eastern United States.

For the uninitiated, lichens are cryptogams–fungi that reproduce by spores, as with other fungi and some groups of plants. But unlike either, lichens are unique in that they’re composite organisms, often a symbiotic combination of fungi and algae. Think of them as codependent roommates; the former acts as a sort of bodyguard for the latter in exchange for nourishing sugars from the algae’s photosynthesis. At large, lichens make the perfect bird nests by some avian standards, and the growths also have a penchant for breaking down dead trees and rocks while providing nitrogen for soil. Unassuming as they are, they’re integral to maintaining healthy biomes.

As a CUNY graduate student, Lendemer first found himself working under The New York Botanical Garden banner with a donor-provided fellowship in 2007. Since then, Lendemer has teamed with Drs. Richard Harris and Brendan Hodkinson to create a lichenological collaborative here at the Garden, using a National Science Foundation grant awarded earlier this year to inventory the lichens of the Mid-Atlantic Coastal Plain–an area the size of Alabama threatened by climate change and urbanization. Through the course of this collaboration, Lendemer’s team would be joined by Dr. Erin Tripp of the Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden, a botanist and long-time associate of James’. And together, they’ve since shattered the belief that the Smokies are spent for new discoveries in the world of lichens.

Lendemer and Tripp pegged Gorges State Park as the first major territory for their lichen inventory, a large tract in the mountains just beyond the Smokies. The decision wasn’t difficult; these mountains were once home territory for Tripp, who finished her undergraduate studies in nearby Asheville, NC. And there’s nowhere in eastern North America that receives heavier rainfall, making it a biodiversity hotspot for mosses. The wealth of lichens growing there aren’t much of a surprise, either, including several species completely new to science. It was a discovery that would set the tone for future excursions into the Great Smoky Mountains and the Appalachian range that encompasses them.

“At the time we began our work in the Smokies, the dogma was that 99% of its lichen species were already known,” explains Lendemer. “However, Erin and one of her colleagues had established a one-hectare study plot in an old growth forest there where we inventoried the lichens. Seven new species have been described from that plot since, and two of them have never been seen again anywhere else.”

Since sampling that small plot of forest, the team has expanded its studies to cover a broader area, producing numbers even more impressive than first expected: a 60% increase compared to what was cataloged in the Smokies before, tallying more than 800 lichen species in the area. Not exactly small potatoes when you consider that most authorities felt the park had little more in the way of lichens to discover.

“We have continued to work in the Smokies since then,” says Lendemer, “and every day of hiking yields at least one surprise we hadn’t seen before. For all the work we have completed, there’s still so much to discover in the 816 square miles that this park comprises, but already we have shown that it’s a hyperdiverse area for lichens with many previously undocumented species. Understanding the lichens of the park is the only way to conserve and manage them, and even the National Park Service has become interested in the project; they’ve been very helpful in facilitating our work.”

There are currently over 5,000 species of lichens known in the U.S., and through Lendemer’s continued work, we hope to see that number shoot up. The time frame of the Smoky Mountain project boils down to however long it takes to get the job done.

“We intend to continue working in the park until we reach the point that we feel we have adequately completed our survey,” Lendemer says. “On our last trip, we hiked over 100 miles in two weeks, visiting more remote parts of the park. Every hike yielded significant new discoveries.”

Lendemer/Tripp photo courtesy of Emily Darling, National Park Service.