Obligate agaric parasites of agarics (Russulas in particular), are widely encountered in the North Temperate zone, if but infrequently. They are well-known because of this peculiar obligate parasitic relationship. Of interest here is that the Russulas, forming obligate ectomycorrhizal associations with Quercus (in this case) that have migrated to the Neotropics together from the North Temperate zone, have arrived with their obligate parasites (Asterophora, in this case). This species is characterized by producing smooth, unornamented chlamydospores (below left).