Thibaudia cordifolia Kunth in H.B.K., Nov. Gen. Sp. Pl. 3: 271, t. 255. 1819. Proclesia cordifolia (Kunth) Klotzsch, Linnaea 24: 32. 1851. Chupalon cordifolium (Kunth) O. Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 384. 1891. Cavendishia cordifolia (Kunth) Hoerold, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 42: 280. 1909. Type. Colombia, "Andes mountains," 2160-2520 m, Humboldt & Bonpland s.n. (holotype: P-Humb. & Bonpl., photo F neg. 38225). There are four more sheets of this species collected by Humboldt and Bonpland, one each at B (n.v., specimen destroyed, ACS neg. 176), B-Willdenow (n.v., F neg. 4762), F (ex P), and P. However, since these collections are without number, no isotypes are designated.Thibaudia melastomoides Kunth in H.B.K., Nov. gen. sp. 3: 272. 1819. Proclesia melastomoides (Kunth) Klotzsch, Linnaea 24: 32. 1851. Cavendishia melastomoides (Kunth) Hoerold, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 42: 279. 1909, non Hemsley (1881). Type. Colombia, "Andes mountains," 2160-2520 m, Sep (fl), Humboldt & Bonpland s.n. (lectotype: P, photo F neg. 38229).
Thibaudia scabriuscula Kunth in H.B.K., Nov. gen. sp. 3: 272. 1819. Proclesia scabriuscula (Kunth) Klotzsch, Linnaea 24: 33. 1851. Chupalon scabriusculum (Kunth) O. Kuntze, Rev. gen. pl. 2: 384. 1891. Cavendishia scabriuscula (Kunth) Hoerold, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 42: 281. 1909. Type. Colombia, mountains of Quindío, 2700-2880 m, Jul (fl, fr), Humboldt & Bonpland s.n. (lectotype: P, photo F neg. 38232). There is one more sheet of the species collected by Humboldt and Bonpland at P and a fragment ex P at F. However, since these collections are without number, no isotypes are designated.
Thibaudia strobilifera Kunth in H.B.K., Nov. Gen. Sp. Pl. 3: 272. 1819. Proclesia strobilifera (Kunth) Klotzsch, Linnaea 24: 32. 1851. Chupalon strobiliferum (Kunth) O. Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 384. 1891. Cavendishia strobilifera (Kunth) Hoerold, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 42: 279. 1909. Type. Ecuador. Loja: nr Loja, between Río Uduchapa and Páramo de Saraguro, 2880 m, Aug (fl), Humboldt & Bonpland s.n. (holotype: P-Humb. & Bonpl., photo F neg. 38233). There is one more sheet of the species collected by Humboldt and Bonpland at P and a fragment ex P at F. However, since these collections are without number, no isotypes are designated.
Thibaudia acuminata Hooker, Icon. Pl. 2: pl. 111. 1837. Proclesia acuminata (Hooker) Klotzsch, Linnaea 24: 34. 1851. Cavendishia acuminata (Hooker) Hemsley, Biol. centr.-amer., Bot. 2: 272. 1881. Chupalon acuminatum (Hooker) O. Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 383. 1891. Type. Ecuador. Pichincha: Plains of Quito, Hall 40 (holotype: K-Herb. Hook., photo NY neg. 10624).
Thibaudia crassifolia Bentham, Pl. hartw. 65: 1840. Polyboea crassifolia (Bentham) Klotzsch, Linnaea 24: 31. 1851. Chupalon crassifolia (Bentham) O. Kuntze, Rev. gen. pl. 2: 383. 1891. Cavendishia crassifolia (Bentham) Hemsley, Biol. centr.-amer., Bot. 2: 273. 1881. Type. Mexico. Oaxaca: Totontepeque, Hartweg 477 (holotype: K, photo DUKE; isotypes: B, n.v., destroyed, G, LD, M, NY, frag. US, W, photos F neg. 4656, NY neg. 9802).
Thibaudia mexicana Martens & Galeotti, Bull. Acad. Sci. Brux. 9: 530. 1842. Type. Mexico. Oaxaca: Chinantle, Galeotti 1813 (holotype: BR, photo NY neg. 9102; isotype: P).
Thibaudia pubescens Kunth var. parvifolia Bentham, Pl. hartw. 224. 1846. Type. Colombia. Cauca: Mountains of Pitayo, 3100-3400 m, Hartweg 1220 (holotype: K, photo NY neg. 9438; isotypes: B, n.v., destroyed, BM, BR, BREM, CGE, frag. F, FI, G, K, LD, NY, P, W-2 sheets, photos F neg. 4675, NY negs. 9705 and 10623).
[Thibaudia hookeri Walpers, Repert. bot. 6: 412. 1847. Superfluous name being based upon same type as Thibaudia acuminata Hooker.]
Proclesia benthamiana Klotzsch, Linnaea 24: 33. 1851. Chupalon benthamianum (Klotzsch) O. Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 384. 1891. Cavendishia benthamiana (Klotzsch) Hoerold, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 42: 278. 1909. Type. Ecuador. Pichincha: Near Quito, in the Chillo valley at Hda. de Pinantura, Apr 1842 (fl, fr), Hartweg 1219 (holotype: B†, photo F neg. 4655; lectotype: K-Herb. Benth., designated by Luteyn (1983), photo NY neg. 9430; isolectotypes: BR, BREM, CGE, G, LD, LE, NY, P, W).
Proclesia cordata Klotzsch, Linnaea 24: 33. 1851. Chupalon cordatum (Klotzsch) O. Kuntze, Rev. gen. pl. 2: 384. 1891. Cavendishia cordata (Klotzsch) Hoerold, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 42: 280. 1909. Type. Venezuela. Mérida: High elevations near Mérida, Moritz 1348 (lectotype: GH, photo NY neg. 9053; isolectotypes: BM, BR, CGE, frag. F, HBG, K-2 sheets, L, W, photo NY neg. 9139). The holotype deposited at B was destroyed, but is represented in photo (ACS neg. 16).
Proclesia hartwegiana Klotzsch, Linnaea 24: 35. 1851. Chupalon hartwegianum (Klotzsch) O. Kuntze, Revis. gen. pl. 2: 384. 1891. Cavendishia hartwegiana (Klotzsch) Hoerold, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 42: 281. 1909. Type. Ecuador. Loja: "In mountains," Jun 1841 (fl), Hartweg 789 (holotype: B†, photo F neg. 4665; lectotype: K-Herb. Benth., designated by Luteyn (1983), photo NY neg. 9435; isolectotypes: BM, BREM, CGE, F fragment, G, LD, NY, P, W).
Proclesia pseudo-pubescens Klotzsch, Linnaea 24: 33. 1851. Chupalon pseudopubescens (Klotzsch) O. Kuntze, Rev. gen. pl. 2: 384. 1891. Cavendishia pseudopubescens (Klotzsch) Hoerold, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 42: 280. 1909. Based on Thibaudia pubescens Kunth var. parvifolia Bentham.
Proclesia splendens Klotzsch, Linnaea 24: 34. 1851. Chupalon splendens (Klotzsch) O. Kuntze, Rev. gen. pl. 2: 384. 1891. Cavendishia splendens (Klotzsch) Hoerold, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 42: 279. 1909. Type. Venezuela, locality unknown [but probably Cordillera de la Costa], Karsten 6 (lectotype: photo of B holotype specimen represented by ACS neg. 21 and F neg. 4678). The holotype deposited at B was destroyed.
Proclesia warszewiczii Klotzsch, Linnaea 24: 35. 1851. Cavendishia ? warszewiczii (Klotzsch) Hemsley, Biol. centr.-amer., Bot. 2: 273. 1881. Chupalon warszewiczii (Klotzsch) O. Kuntze, Rev. gen. pl. 2: 383. 1891. Type. Guatemala. Locality unknown, Warszewicz s.n. (holotype, ?B, no specimen or photo seen).
Proclesia veraguensis Klotzsch, Linnaea 24: 35. 1851. Cavendishia? veraguensis (Klotzsch) Hemsley, Biol. centr.-amer., Bot. 2: 273. 1881. Chupalon veraguense (Klotzsch) O. Kuntze, Rev. gen. pl. 2: 383. 1891. Type. Panama? Warszewicz s.n. (lectotype: photo of B holotype specimen represented by ACS neg. 13 and F neg. 4682). The holotype at B was destroyed.
[Polyboea velutina Grisebach in Lechler, Berb. amer. aust. 58. 1857, nom. nud.-spm. authent., Lechler 1924a, CGE, G, P, UPS, W-2 sheets. (Listed as a synonym of Cavendishia pubescens by Smith, 1932).]
Thibaudia hendersoni Regel, Gartenflora 24: 258, pl. 840. 1875. Cavendishia hendersoni (Regel) Hoerold, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 42: 281. 1909. Type. "Ex horto bot. Petropolitano" (holotype: LE).
Cavendishia latifolia Hemsley, Biol. centr.-amer., Bot. 2: 273. 1881. Chupalon latifolium (Hemsley) O. Kuntze, Rev. gen. pl. 2: 383. 1891. Type. Mexico. Chiapas: Pueblo Nuevo, Linden 390 (holotype: K, photo DUKE; isotypes: BM, frag. F, G, photos F neg. 26615, NY neg. 9100).
Cavendishia guatemalensis Loesener, Bull. Herb. Boisse. II 3: 221. 1903. Type. Guatemala. Huehuetenango: Jacaltenango, Seler 3107 (lectotype: NY, photo NY neg. 9805; isolectotypes: GH, US). The holotype at B was destroyed, but is represented in photo (F neg. 4659).
Cavendishia beckmanniana Hoerold, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 42: 329. 1909. Type. Peru. Cuzco: Sandía, 2300-2400 m, Apr 1902 (fl), Weberbauer 636 (lectotype: photo of B holotype specimen represented by ACS neg. 29 and F neg. 4654). The holotype at B was destroyed.
Cavendishia costaricensis Hoerold, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 42: 326. 1909. Type. Costa Rica. San José: La Palma, Werckle 54 (lectotype: frag. NY ex B). The holotype at B was destroyed, but is represented in photo (F neg. 4657).
Cavendishia hoffmannii Hoerold, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 42: 328. 1909. Type. Costa Rica. Cartago: Volcán Irazú, Hoffmann 141 (lectotype: frag. NY). The holotype at B was destroyed, but is represented in photo (F neg. 4666).
Cavendishia lehmannii Hoerold, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 42: 331. 1909. Type. Colombia. Antioquia: Amalfi, 1600-1800 m, Sep 1884 (fl), F. C. Lehmann 7895 (lectotype: K, photo NY neg. 10622; isolectotypes: F, K, photos NY neg. 9050 and 9052). The holotype at B was destroyed, but is represented in photo (ACS neg. 25 and F neg. 4671). A sheet at US with the number CCXXX is probably an isolectotype.
Cavendishia peruviana Hoerold, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 42: 332. 1909. Type. Peru. Cuzco: Between tambos of Jehubamba and Yuncacoya, between Sandía and Chunchusmayo, 180-2600 m, Jun 1902 (fl), Weberbauer 1081 (lectotype: photo of B holotype specimen represented by ACS neg. 13-A). The holotype at B was destroyed. The photo shows two separate twigs of which the larger-leaved (lower right-hand side) agrees with the protologue and is here designated as lectotype.
Cavendishia pilgeriana Hoerold, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 42: 322. 1909. Type. Ecuador, interandean high places, May 1889 (fl), Sodiro 92/18 (holotype: B†; lectotype: photo of B holotype represented by F neg. 4674 and ACS neg. 24, designated by Luteyn (1983)).
Cavendishia pubescens (Kunth) Hemsley var. microphylla Hoerold, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 42: 332. 1909. Type. Peru. Location unknown, Weberbauer 1081a (lectotype: fragments and photo of B holotype specimen represented by ACS neg. 15 at NY; isolectotype: fragments ex B at F). The holotype at B was destroyed.
Cavendishia secundiflora Hoerold, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 42: 322. 1909. Type. Ecuador. Tungurahua: W slopes of Volcán Tungurahua, Sep 1901 (fl), Sodiro 93/18c (holotype: B†; lectotype: photo of B holotype specimen represented by F neg. 4676 and ACS neg. 23, designated by Luteyn (1983)).Cavendishia smithii Hoerold, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 42: 328. 1909. Type. Costa Rica. Cartago: Volcán Irazú, Donnell-Smith 4876 (lectotype: US; isolectotypes: GH, K, photo DUKE).
Cavendishia ulbrichiana Hoerold, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 42: 330. 1909. Type. Peru. Junín: Tarma, between Palca and Huacapistana, 2200-2600 m, Nov 1902 (fl), Weberbauer 1770 (lectotype: photo of B holotype specimen represented by ACS neg. 19). The holotype at B was destroyed.
Cavendishia ulei Hoerold, Verh. Bot. Vereins Prov. Brandenburg 50: 93. 1909. Type. Peru. Loreto (San Martín?): Cerro de Escalero, 1300 m, Jan 1903 (fl), Ule 6789 (lectotype: K, photo NY neg. 9432); isolectotypes: frag. F, G. HBG, L, MG, n.v., photo NY neg. 9094). The holotype at B was destroyed, but is represented in photo (ACS neg. 20 and F neg. 4681).
Cavendihia sillarensis Herzog, Meded. Rijks-Herb. 27: 20. 1915. Type. Bolivia. Cordillera de Santa Cruz, Sillar, 1700 m, Feb. 1911 (fl), Herzog 1639 (lectotype: L; isolectotype: G, W, Z, photos NY neg. 9101 and NY neg. s.n.). The holotype at B was destroyed, but is represented in photo (ACS neg. 22 and F neg. 4677).
Cavendishia chiapensis Brandegee, Univ. California Publ. Bot. 6: 188. 1915. Cavendishia guatemalensis Loesener var. chiapensis (Brandegee) L. O. Williams, Fieldiana, Bot. 31: 169. 1965. Type. Mexico. Chiapas: Cerro del Boquerón, Purpus 7342 (holotype: UC, photo DUKE; isotypes: F, GH, MO, NY, US, photo NY neg. 9798).
Cavendishia killipii A. C. Smith, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 28: 483. 1932. Type. Colombia. Santander: Mesa de los Santos, 1500 m, 11-15 Dec 1926 (fl), Killip & Smith 15124 (holotype: US, photo NY neg. 9162; isotypes: A, GH, K, MA, NY).
Cavendishia montana A. C. Smith, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 28: 492. 1932. Type. Colombia. Quindío (formerly Caldas): Cordillera Central, Piñares, above Salento, 2600-2800 m, 2-10 Aug 1922 (fl), Pennell 9305 (holotype: US, photo NY neg. 9160; isotypes: B, n.v., GH, K, LE, NY, photo NY neg. 9700).
Cavendishia durifolia A. C. Smith, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 28: 493. 1932. Type. Colombia. Tolima: Murillo, 2100-2500 m, 18 Dec 1917 (fl, fr), Pennell 3128 (holotype: NY, photo NY neg. 9693).
Cavendishia rigidifolia A. C. Smith, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 28: 500. 1932. Type. Colombia. Antioquia: Las Minitas, between Medellín and Manizales, 2400 m, Jul 1921 (fl, fr), Tracey 335 (holotype: K, photo NY neg. 9062 and ACS neg. 9).
Cavendishia gracilis A. C. Smith, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 28: 501. 1932. Type. Colombia. Santander: Mountains E of Las Vegas, 3000-3300 m, 20-21 Dec 1926 (fl), Killip & Smith 15871 (holotype: US, photo NY neg. 9164; isotypes: A, GH, K, NY, photo NY neg. 9695).
Cavendishia miconioides A. C. Smith, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 28: 503. 1932, non Hemsley (1881).
Cavendishia tolimensis Cuatrecasas, Trab. Mus. Nac. Ci. Nat., Ser. Bot. 26: 7, fig. 2. 1933. Type. Colombia. Tolima: Cordillera Central, between El Salto and La Selva, 3400 n, 16 May 1932 (fl), Cuatrecasas 2667 (holotype: MA, photo NY neg. 9171; isotype: K, photo NY neg. 9433).
Cavendishia skutchii A. C. Smith, J. Washington Acad. Sci. 27: 308. 1937. Type. Costa Rica. San José: El General, Skutch 2802 (holotype: US, photo DUKE; isotypes: GH, K, MICH, frag. NY, S).
Cavendishia tubiflora A. C. Smith in Cuatrecasas, Revista Acad. Colomb. Ci. Exact. 5: 38. 1942. Type. Colombia. Putumayo: S side of Laguna de la Cocha, Quebrada de Santa Lucía, 2850 m, 8 Jan 1941 (fl, fr), Cuatrecasas 11832 (holotype: A, photo NY neg. 9087; isotypes: F, US, photo NY neg. 9086).Terrestrial or epiphytic shrub, 1-4 m tall, rarely scandent and lianoid or arborescent and then to 15 m tall with stem base to 30 cm dbh; stem glabrous; twigs glabrous to densely pilose or glabrate. Leaves oblong, elliptic, ovate, or lanceolate, rarely oblanceolate or semiorbicular, (2.5-)4-15(-22) x (1-)1.5-5(-11) cm, base rounded, cordate, cuneate, subtruncate, or rarely short-attenuate, apex acute to acuminate, often abruptly, rarely obtuse, rounded, or cuspidate, sometimes metallic- or slate-blue when dry, glabrous or short-pilose along veins above and below or often glabrate, upper surface smooth to conspicuously scabridous; (3-)5-7(-9)-plinerved, nerves arising from base or often innermost pair of lateral nerves arising 1-2 cm above base, midrib rarely thickened and raised through proximal 2 cm, but usually impressed above and raised beneath, always very conspicuous sometimes flattened adaxially, lateral nerves impressed or slightly raised distally above and raised beneath, veinlets impressed or raised above and slightly raised but usually obscure beneath; petiole subterete, usually flattened adaxially, rugose, (3-)5-11(-17) mm long, glabrous, puberulent, or pilose, often glabrate. Inflorescence (2-)6-20(-40)-flowered, surrounded at base by bracts which may be glabrous to densely short-pilose, or often pubescence restricted to margins or apex; rachis subterete to bluntly angled, (0.5-)1-5(-8) cm long, green or red, glabrous to densely short-pilose, sometimes glandular-fimbriate; floral bract smooth or muricate, oblong, ovate, elliptic or oblanceolate, (11-)17-26(-40) x (5-)10-17(-27) mm, base narrowed and truncate, apex rounded or acute, pink to dark red, glabrous to densely short-pilose, sometimes ciliate along margins or at distal tip, sometimes provided with reddish glandular fimbriae abaxially or marginally; pedicel (1.5-)6-15(-20) mm, glabrous or pilose, often with glandular fimbriae scattered along length or densely aggregated at distal tip; bracteoles usually basal but sometimes to middle of pedicel, oblong, ovate, lanceolate, or linear-lanceolate, rarely aristate, 1-4(-11.5) mm, rarely longer than pedicel when linear, glabrous to densely short-pilose, sometimes ciliate, glandular-fimbriate with fimbriae distinct or often fusing laterally especially towards tip. Flowers with calyx (3.5-)4-6(-9) mm long, glabrous to densely short-pilose, often with few to many, thin or stout, short glandular fimbriae; hypanthium cylindric to campanulate, often somewhat pentagonal in cross-section, 1.5-3(-6) mm long, equal to or more commonly longer (rarely shorter) than the limb, base nonapophysate, although base often rounded, truncate, or rarely irregularly elongate or shallowly undulate; limb cylindric to campanulate, usually somewhat spreading, (1-)1.5-3(-4.5) mm long; lobes triangular, rarely ovate or oblong, (0.5-)1-2(-3) mm long, connivent after anthesis, margin glandular-fimbriate with fimbriae distinct or variously laterally fused, sometimes completely fused to form a thin continuous supramarginal gland, this rarely caducous; sinuses broadly rounded or acute, glabrous or rarely ciliate; corolla cylindric to bottle-shaped, narrowed to throat, (10-)14-23(-28) mm long, glabrous to short-pilose, with or without scattered glandular fimbriae, red, pale pinkish or white at base, otherwise tube dark pink to red, with limb and lobes yellowish-green, the lobes deltate, widely flaring at anthesis, 1-2(-3) mm long; stamen 11.5-19 mm long; filaments slightly coherent at base or more commonly distinct, alternately 2-4 mm and 3.4-6.5 mm long, glabrous or distally pilose; anthers alternately 10-16.5 mm and 7.5-14.5 mm long; thecae 2.5-6 mm long; style (12-)14-19(-27) mm long, glabrous or rarely short-pilose distally, sometimes exserted. Berry 8-14 mm diam., glabrous or sparsely pilose.Cavendishia dugandiana A. C. Smith, J. Arnold Arb. 24: 468. 1943. Type. Colombia. Antioquia: Llanos of Cuiba, 2700 m, 20 Feb 1942 (fl), Metcalfe & Cuatrecasas 30159 (holotype: A, photo NY neg. 9069; isotypes: F, G, MO, UC, US, photo NY neg. 9068).
Cavendishia dichroa A. C. Smith, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 29: 386. 1950. Type. Colombia. Antioquia: Alto de Santa Elena, near Medellín, 2500 m, Dec 1948 (fl), L. Uribe U. 1855 (holotype: US, photo NY neg. 9165; isotypes: MO, NY, photo NY neg. 9690).
Cavendishia campii A. C. Smith, Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 8(1): 81. 1952. Type. Ecuador. Morona-Santiago: E slopes of cordillera, valley of Río Negro and Río Chupianza, trail from Sevilla de Oro to Méndez, 1036-1400 m, 1 Nov 1944 (fl), Camp E-803 (holotype: US, photo NY neg. 9169; isotypes: F, NY).
Cavendishia sandemanii A. C. Smith, J. Washington Acad. Sci. 43: 210. 1953. Type. Colombia. Boyacá-Santander border: Between Paipa and San Gil, 3048 m, May 1948 (fl), Sandeman 6015 (holotype: K, photo US neg. 3856; isotype: COL, photo NY neg. 9137).
Distribution (Map). Veracruz, Mexico through Cental America, south in the Andes to Bolivia, and east through the Cordillera de la Costa of Venezuela to the State of Sucre; primary forest to secondary growth, often in disturbed sites from tropical wet forest or montane cloud forest to subpáramo at (300-)1000-3200(-4090) m altitude.
Local names: gaulicón, zagala, natividad guamán, (Sarag-indian), sagala, zagalita, chaquilulo, hualicón, sagalito, salapa, motilón, iquilan, sagalita, joyapa.
Uses: firewood ("leña"); the fruits are edible; a leaf infusion bath once a day to cure pimples ("granos") and itching ("sarnas"); forage for lambs. Cultivated at ABG, NSCS, NY.
Cultivation: ABG, CGE, E, HBA, NCSC, NY, SCHN.
